*By Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team
This article resumes a study about an economic analysis of white shrimp farming at the different size of ponds. The results showed that ponds set was significant different on biological and economic variable. The principal component analysis showed that large ponds farm had higher intensity in overall input than a small pond. The study also reported the small size pond was much better according to its overall performance in the benefit cost ratio.
Shrimp is the most famous seafood species entering international trade, with about one-third of global shrimp production coming international trade. Worldwide production is approaching three billion MT. Sources include 40 countries, of which 15 produce 80% of the shrimp. Major nations include India, China, the United States, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, and Mexico (Liao & Chien, 2011).
Concerning aquaculture, one of the main species of interest in Indonesia is shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, or white shrimp is the dominantly farmed species. Introduction of L. vannamei has revitalized the industry and bolstered shrimp’s position as Indonesia’s main fishery export commodity by value.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the interaction effect of two kinds of ponds were small (400 – 600 m2 ) and large ponds (1,000 m2 ) using plastic ponds HDPE (Highdensity polyethylene) in the Pacitan district, East Java Indonesia.
Material and Method
Data Source
One site, Pacitan district was investigated a major white shrimp using plastic ponds producing area in Pacitan. The research was conducted from July to September 2017. The reason of this study was to evaluate the economics of white shrimp through two different kind of ponds size. To assess and compare the effects of production scale on profitability, production cost and input intensity, the farms were categorized based on kind size of farms were small size <1,000 m2 and large size >1,000 m2 .
A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about economics of the white shrimp. The total of data were 40 farms, were divided into two kinds of farms, they are 20 small sizes <1,000 m2 and 20 large size >1,000 m2 ) of farms through interview from different location among area in Pacitan district.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Multivariate analysis of variance of MANOVA is a generalized from of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is used when there are two or more dependent variables. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (Johnson and Wichern, 1998; Stevens, 2002) was applied to examine the effect of biological variable and economic variable on the economic performance of white shrimp.
A principal component analysis (Manly, 2004) was further conducted to evaluate the individual economic performances with quantitative comparisons. A computer software developed by SAS enterprise guide 5.1 was used for the preceding analysis with a significant level set at p > 0.05.
Result and Discussion
The result showed that the stocking density and survival rate of small and large ponds were significantly different respectively. The production cost of white shrimp farming in the small and large size ponds can be divided into fixed cost and variable cost.
The result of economic variable was significant different between two of ponds. A principal component analysis was applied by using the three original variables such as: feed, labor, and electricity. After standarization two principal component by using the major input intensity variables I1 and I2 (Table 1).
For the function I1 overall input intensities had high coefficients at feed (0.4614), labor (0.6199), electricity (0.0702) respectively. Regarding in function I2 , the coefficient of feed (0.8843), labor (-0.3781), and electricity (0.6874) (Table 1).
Furthermore, two principal components in variable biological had been maintained due the percentage they accounted for out of total variation, were I1 the coefficients of stocking density (0.7831), survival rate (-0.4059) and feed conversion ratio (0.4709). Considering the function I2 the coefficients of stocking density (-0.0317), survival rate (0.7302) and feed conversion ratio (0.6824) (Table 2).
For the function I1 Benefit Cost Ratio were feed (0.6106), labor (0.5719), and electricity (0.5477), therefore for the function I2 were feed (-0.1162), labor (-0.6194) and electricity (0.7763) (Table 3).
The average of stocking density in small size was 125.150 m2 and average of stocking density in large small size was 252.500 m2. It was high density for both of ponds. There were had reason why the farmer used high density in both ponds which stocking in the morning or evening (calm weather).
Farming or culture shrimp using HDPE become popular right now in Indonesia. In this study, the farmer in both small and large size ponds choose HDPE technology to culture white shrimp because it’s easy, can maintain high density of shrimp, and used biofloc to culture become proper management.
The survival rate in both small and large ponds was significantly different from each other in shrimp farming the growth and production of shrimp species depend on population density (Shakir et al, 2014). Two ponds had high density, which affected in survival rate.
In the small ponds the survival rate average was 90%, and in the large ponds was 89%. The highly survival rate can achieve because of broods-tock domestication program.
All shrimp used in the grow-out operations originated from Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) brood-stock from the company High Health Aquaculture.
A summary of feed conversion ratio (FCR) for two scales farming. No significant differences in FCR were detected between farms. In this study both farming had the same on time to give feed in each pond. Timing to feed shrimp in two farming was in the morning, afternoon, and night. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of white shrimp in both farming small pond sizes and large pond sizes was high.
Although high FCRs indicated that feed was wasted and not consumed by shrimp, pond water quality did not appear to be affected significantly. The variable cost includes four individual costs: seed, feed, labor, and electricity. In this study, we can know that a large pond has high seed cost compared with the small pond. Bigger in the size ponds higher in the seed cost.
White shrimp seed in Pacitan region is mainly supplied by government owned hatcheries either regional or local area with the quality of the seed and SPF (Specific Pathogen Free). The preferred size stocked by the producer was post larva 12 in both of ponds.
The seed price in both ponds was the same. Consequently, the seed intensity in Pacitan region farms was higher. The other two important costs were feed and labor. Both small and large ponds had significant differences in feed cost. The price of feed in both of ponds was the same. Feed management in both of ponds such as small size and large size was had feed dosage 3-4% of the total biomass, which feed proteins contain 34-36%, used feed supplement was vitamin C.
Feed is one of the essential inputs to increase shrimp production. Growth of shrimps is primarily dependent upon an adequate supply of feed, in terms of quality and quantity. The average feed cost constituted the highest operation cost of large size pond and followed small size pond. Hatch (1997) found that intensive farming is characterized by low fixed costs per kilogram, but have high variable cost mainly for feed and water quality maintenance.
Additionally, the feed intensity between scales also revealed that large scale ponds had the highest cost. Therefore, large scale ponds had higher input intensity.
Additionally, white shrimp culture requires intensive labor for daily chopping, feeding, taking care and harvest. Differences in both of the ponds because of size and area. Regarding the labor input between two ponds were the small size and large size, in large size of pond made labor working extra hours to handle more ponds and contributed to higher labor input. Hence, proper management of labor is needed and the use of modern technology could be directed to create work efficiency.
The other significant cost in small and large ponds is electricity. There were extremely significant different p < 0.0001 between small size pond and large size pond. In this study, we can see that large size pond had the highest cost compare with small size ponds. The large size pond needs more cost to build construction in pond compare with small size pond.
A principal component analysis was applied by using the three original variables such as: feed, labor, and electricity. After standardization two principal component by using the major input intensity variables (I1 and I2 ), had been maintained based on the Table 1. As a result of the table 3, any farms had higher in feed, labor and electricity. Therefore, I1 could be referred as an index of measuring intensity of feed, labor and electricity.
Regarding in function I2 (Table 1) determine not only an absolute quantity of I2 but also a direction (with a sign of plus or minus). An increasing pattern of I2 indicated that any farm or two kind of ponds had high score in I2 would be spending more unit input in labor, but decreasing pattern indicated that conversely. Therefore, the function I2 can be defined as an index of an input intensity contrast between feed, labor and electricity for a given farm.
Furthermore, two principal components in variable biological had been maintained due the percentage they accounted for out of total variation (Table 2). As result I1 can be defined as a contrast between stocking density and survival rate. The related position of ponds in the plot I1 and I2 most of large size of ponds located at the I2 , that had high stocking density and feed conversion ratio and small in survival rate. As we know that higher in stocking density it will less in the survival rate on the white shrimp culture. It because they had competition in the life.
A principal component analysis was also applied to benefit cost ratio variables (Table 3). For the function I1 BCR (Table 3) were all positive and high. That means the value of the function I1 is mainly determined by coefficient of BCR feed, BCR labor and BCR electricity. Therefore, this function can be defined as an index of overall benefit cost ratio for a given pond. These two kinds of ponds, the small size pond was much better according to its overall performance in the benefit cost ratio based on their score of I1.
Concerning both small and large ponds we can explain that large pond had the highest input intensity for overall input intensity variables: seed, feed, labor, electricity and fix cost as mention in this study; whereas the small size pond had the lowest input intensity for the overall variables. Indeed, the framers who operated or culture white shrimp in small pond farms had lower input cost per unit area (m2) than those who operated large size pond farms in the Pacitan district.
This could be explained by the price of labor, electricity and mostly for feed input, which could vary according to the size of the farm.
This informative version of the original article is sponsored by: REEF INDUSTRIES INC.
This is a summarized version developed by the editorial team of Aquaculture Magazine based on the review article titled “AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECOSHRIMP WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) CONCEPT ON SHRIMP CULTURE WITH PLASTIC POND, INDONESIA” developed by: WAHYU PUJI ASTIYANI, EGA ADITYA PRAMA, MUHAMMAD AKBARURRASYID, RANI REHULINA T., GUNTUR PRABOWO and DINNO SUDINNO – Pangandaran Polytechnic of Marine and Fisheries, Indonesia; and MIAO SHA – National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan. The original article was published, including tables and figures, on DECEMBER, 2020, through AQUACULTURA INDONESIANA. The full version can be accessed online through this DOI: 10.21534/ai.v21i2. 203.
